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<meta name="twitter:description" content="引言：在使用类Unix系统时，经常会遇到无法显示中文字符，各种乱码，于是Google，找到了若干解决方案，各种设置LC_CTYPE、或者LC_ALL、又或者LANG，然后经过多种答案的叠加，问题就解决，可对其中的原理仍无法理解，可能每次遇到乱码的情况还不一样，解决方法也不一样，于是就更晕.我最近也遇到关于中文字符显示成？的问题，于是想更深入的了解下其中的原理，找到了一篇好文，现在我再整理下. 1.">



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          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">类Unix下语言环境locale</h1>
        

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        <p>引言：在使用类Unix系统时，经常会遇到无法显示中文字符，各种乱码，于是Google，找到了若干解决方案，各种设置LC_CTYPE、或者LC_ALL、又或者LANG，然后经过多种答案的叠加，问题就解决，可对其中的原理仍无法理解，可能每次遇到乱码的情况还不一样，解决方法也不一样，于是就更晕.我最近也遇到关于中文字符显示成？的问题，于是想更深入的了解下其中的原理，找到了一篇<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/xlmeng1988/archive/2013/01/16/locale.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">好文</a>，现在我再整理下.</p>
<h2 id="1-风俗-locale"><a href="#1-风俗-locale" class="headerlink" title="1. 风俗(locale)"></a>1. 风俗(locale)</h2><p>在人类的世界里，不同地域的人有着不同的风俗，而计算机是给人用的，那自然也要遵循着这一套规则，而这套规则就是locale，我们执行下<code>locale</code>命令：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">smallmuou:locales $ locale</span><br><span class="line">LANG=en_US.UTF-8</span><br><span class="line">LC_CTYPE=zh_CN.utf8</span><br><span class="line">LC_NUMERIC=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;</span><br><span class="line">LC_TIME=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;</span><br><span class="line">LC_COLLATE=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;</span><br><span class="line">LC_MONETARY=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;</span><br><span class="line">LC_MESSAGES=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;</span><br><span class="line">LC_PAPER=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;</span><br><span class="line">LC_NAME=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;</span><br><span class="line">LC_ADDRESS=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;</span><br><span class="line">LC_TELEPHONE=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;</span><br><span class="line">LC_MEASUREMENT=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;</span><br><span class="line">LC_IDENTIFICATION=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;</span><br><span class="line">LC_ALL=</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="2-表示"><a href="#2-表示" class="headerlink" title="2. 表示"></a>2. 表示</h2><p>『我说中文，国籍是中华人民共和国，使用国标2312字符集来表达字符』这是我的介绍，locale表示方法类似，格式如下：</p>
<p><pre><br>语言[_地域[.字符集]]<br></pre><br>如：zh_CN.GB2312</p>
<p>可以使用<code>locale -a</code>来查看系统支持的所有字符集. 如果字符集缺省，则采用默认值，可以通过<code>locale -v -a</code>查看，如</p>
<p><pre></pre></p>
<h2 id="locale-zh-CN-archive-usr-lib-locale-locale-archive"><a href="#locale-zh-CN-archive-usr-lib-locale-locale-archive" class="headerlink" title="locale: zh_CN           archive: /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive"></a>locale: zh_CN           archive: /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive</h2><pre><code>title | Chinese locale for Peoples Republic of China
email | bug-glibc-locales@gnu.org
</code></pre><p> language | Chinese<br>territory | P.R. of China<br> revision | 0.1<br>     date | 2000-07-25<br>  codeset | GB2312</p>
<p>…</p>
<h2 id="locale-zh-CN-gb2312-archive-usr-lib-locale-locale-archive"><a href="#locale-zh-CN-gb2312-archive-usr-lib-locale-locale-archive" class="headerlink" title="locale: zh_CN.gb2312    archive: /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive"></a>locale: zh_CN.gb2312    archive: /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive</h2><pre><code>title | Chinese locale for Peoples Republic of China
email | bug-glibc-locales@gnu.org
</code></pre><p> language | Chinese<br>territory | P.R. of China<br> revision | 0.1<br>     date | 2000-07-25<br>  codeset | GB2312<br><br>PS: zh_CN与zh_CN.gb2312是等价的</p>
<h2 id="3-分类-Categories"><a href="#3-分类-Categories" class="headerlink" title="3. 分类(Categories)"></a>3. 分类(Categories)</h2><p>风俗可能会包含各方各面，比如吃什么、做什么等等. 而locale同样包含着各个分类，从上面的结果可以看出其包含12个分类(LC_前缀)</p>
<ul>
<li>LC_CTYPE - 用于字符分类和字符串处理，控制所有字符的处理方式，包括字符编码，字符是单字节还是多字节，如何打印</li>
<li>LC_NUMERIC - 数字格式，如小数点、千分位各是什么字符</li>
<li>LC_TIME - 时间格式，如星期、月、上午、下午怎么表示</li>
<li>LC_MESSAGES - 消息格式，如『肯定』、『否定』怎么表示，另外还有一个LANGUAGE参数，它与LC_MESSAGES相似，但如果该参数一旦设置，则LC_MESSAGES参数就会失效。LANGUAGE参数可同时设置多种语言信息，如LANGUANE=”zh_CN.GB18030:zh_CN.GB2312:zh_CN”</li>
<li>LC_PAPER - 纸张大小，如长、宽多少</li>
<li>LC_TELEPHONE - 电话号码格式，如区号，显示格式</li>
<li>LC_NAME - 名字格式，如miss用『小姐』表示，mr用『先生』表示等</li>
<li>LC_ADDRESS - 地址格式，如国家、城市等</li>
<li>LC_MEASUREMENT - 度量格式</li>
<li>LC_IDENTIFICATION - 该locale的概述</li>
<li>LC_MONETARY - 货币格式，如￥、小数点、千分位</li>
<li>LC_COLLATE - 排序规则</li>
</ul>
<p>具体定义可以到/usr/share/i18n/locates/下对应的文件查看，其中字符采用UNICODE16表示，如zh_CN文件</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">LC_NUMERIC</span><br><span class="line">decimal_point             &quot;&lt;U002E&gt;&quot;    小数点用.表示</span><br><span class="line">thousands_sep             &quot;&lt;U002C&gt;&quot;    千分位用,表示</span><br><span class="line">grouping                  3</span><br><span class="line">END LC_NUMERIC</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">LC_TIME</span><br><span class="line">abday 	&quot;&lt;U65E5&gt;&quot;;&quot;&lt;U4E00&gt;&quot;;&quot;&lt;U4E8C&gt;&quot;;&quot;&lt;U4E09&gt;&quot;;&quot;&lt;U56DB&gt;&quot;;&quot;&lt;U4E94&gt;&quot;;&quot;&lt;U516D&gt;&quot;  星期缩写：日、一、二、三、四、五、六</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">day 	&quot;&lt;U661F&gt;&lt;U671F&gt;&lt;U65E5&gt;&quot;;/   星期日</span><br><span class="line">	&quot;&lt;U661F&gt;&lt;U671F&gt;&lt;U4E00&gt;&quot;;/		星期一</span><br><span class="line">...</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="4-改进"><a href="#4-改进" class="headerlink" title="4. 改进"></a>4. 改进</h2><p>有了以上的locale及categories就能满足了【不同地域不同风俗】的需求，但考虑到方便性，系统又引入LC_ALL、LANG这两个环境变量</p>
<ul>
<li>LC_ALL - 全局设定</li>
<li>LANG - 默认设定</li>
</ul>
<p>有了以上两个值，于是又引入了如下规则</p>
<ul>
<li>规则一：优先级：<code>LC_ALL &gt; LC_* &gt; LANG</code></li>
<li>规则二：如果LC_ALL、LC_*、LANG都不指定，则采用POSIX作为locale，即 C locale</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="5-总结"><a href="#5-总结" class="headerlink" title="5. 总结"></a>5. 总结</h2><p>有了以上背景，应该就能比较好地了解Unix/Linux的语言环境，其中最重要的三个是：LANG、LC_CTYPE、LC_ALL<br></p>

      
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              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#1-风俗-locale"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">1. 风俗(locale)</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#2-表示"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">2. 表示</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#locale-zh-CN-archive-usr-lib-locale-locale-archive"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">locale: zh_CN           archive: /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#locale-zh-CN-gb2312-archive-usr-lib-locale-locale-archive"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">locale: zh_CN.gb2312    archive: /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#3-分类-Categories"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">3. 分类(Categories)</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#4-改进"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">4. 改进</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#5-总结"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">5. 总结</span></a></li></ol></div>
            

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